Mengambil tes DNA konsumen (keturunan dan risiko kesehatan) vs. mempertahankan ketidaktahuan genetik
Jika Anda bertindak
Mengikuti tes DNA konsumen (23andMe, AncestryDNA, atau sejenisnya)
11%
Jika Anda tidak bertindak
Tidak mengikuti tes DNA konsumen, mempertahankan ketidaktahuan genetik
52%
Persentase orang yang kemudian menyesali setiap pilihan. Diagram batang dan catatan lengkap ditampilkan di bawah.
Kesehatan
Terakhir ditinjau 2026-05-13
Kualitas bukti 3.13/5
Skor tinjauan delapan dimensi terhadap
rubrik kualitas
. Setiap dimensi dinilai 1–5.
D1 Verifikasi sumber
2/5
D2 Otoritas & independensi sumber
3/5
D3 Akurasi tingkat penyesalan
2/5
D4 Keterbandingan sumber
2/5
D5 Pola Gilovich
4/5
D6 Kualitas prosa
4/5
D7 Kelengkapan peringatan
5/5
D8 Kualitas sampel
3/5
Rata-rata3.13/5
Data proksi — tidak ada survei penyesalan langsung untuk keputusan ini. Tingkat diturunkan dari skor kepuasan dan data hambatan akses daripada pertanyaan yang langsung menanyakan tentang penyesalan. Lihat peringatan di bawah.
Penyesalan atas tindakan
Mengikuti tes DNA konsumen (23andMe, AncestryDNA, atau sejenisnya)
11%
~11% dari mereka yang mempelajari informasi baru dari tes DNA pencari-kerabat melaporkan penyesalan keputusan
Pengambil tes DNA konsumen (23andMe, AncestryDNA)
retrospektif lintas-bagian, 2018
Penyesalan atas kelambanan
Tidak mengikuti tes DNA konsumen, mempertahankan ketidaktahuan genetik
52%
~52% orang dewasa AS tertarik untuk dites secara genetik (proksi untuk penyesalan-kelambanan, bukan survei penyesalan langsung)
Orang dewasa AS yang belum mengambil tes DNA konsumen
lintas-bagian, Agustus 2020
% menyesal dengan pilihan ini
Mengikuti tes DNA konsumen (23andMe, AncestryDNA, atau sejenisnya)Tidak mengikuti tes DNA konsumen, mempertahankan ketidaktahuan genetik
11%52%
inaction dominates — Tidak bertindak mendominasi — sebagian besar menyesali karena tidak bertindak.
Keputusan terkait
Keputusan yang serupa secara semantik — area yang sama, kompromi yang berbeda.
Membuka ke non-monogami konsensualTetap monogami ketat
15%21%
Ketidakaktifan mendominasi
Penyesalan tidak bertindak 1.4× lebih tinggi
Among direct-to-consumer relative-finder participants who learned new information about themselves or their relatives, approximately 11% reported decisional regret, according to Guerrini et al. (2022) in the American Journal of Human Genetics (n=23,196; 61% learned something new, 11% of those scored above the Decision Regret Scale cutoff, and 2% reported net-negative consequences). Learning something new can mean discovery shock from unexpected paternity revelations (a “Not Parent Expected” result), identification of unknown biological relatives, or unanticipated high-penetrance disease risk variants such as BRCA1/2. This 11% applies to the subset who receive genuinely unexpected findings, not to all test takers — the majority of people who test report positive or neutral experiences (ancestry discovery, confirmation of family stories, actionable health information), and the donor-conceived subgroup reported the highest regret of all. The inaction side is harder to measure directly because no survey asks non-testers whether they regret opting out. The closest proxy comes from an AP-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research poll (June 2018, n=1,109): 17% of US adults had been genetically tested and another 52% said they were interested in having it done, primarily citing curiosity about ancestry and the desire to understand genetic health risks. Interest is a latent signal, not regret — many of those who are “interested” may never act, and interest can coexist with no felt regret about not having tested yet.
The decision’s structure is unusual because its consequences are irreversible in only one direction. A person who tests and discovers distressing information cannot un-know it; the cascade of downstream decisions triggered by unexpected results — preventive surgeries, family disclosures, identity reckonings — carries its own regret profile independent of the original test decision. A person who opts out retains the option to test later, meaning inaction here is not a permanent foregone opportunity but a deferral. This structural asymmetry likely suppresses inaction regret and amplifies action regret relative to other regret pairs.
The risk calculus shifted substantially after October 2023, when a credential-stuffing attack on 23andMe exposed the genetic ancestry data of approximately 6.9 million users, followed by 23andMe’s bankruptcy filing in March 2025 and the subsequent uncertainty about who would control and monetize stored genetic profiles. Users who tested between 2017 and 2023 made their decision under a different risk profile than the one that materialized. The pre-breach AP-NORC finding that 50% of US adults were already extremely or very concerned that for-profit DNA companies would share their genetic information proved prescient: a large share of non-testers appear to have anticipated a data-handling risk that materialized dramatically for millions who had already tested.
Sumber: tindakan
Buku besar klaim
Setiap angka di bawah ini adalah apa yang dilaporkan masing-masing sumber, dengan kutipan kata demi kata yang kami andalkan dan bagaimana kami sampai pada angka kami. Klik tautan mana saja untuk memverifikasi langsung.
[1]American Journal of Human Genetics — Family secrets: Experiences and outcomes of participating in direct-to-consumer genetic relative-finder services
Telaah sejawat
Among the 61% of DTC relative-finder participants who learned new information about themselves or their relatives, 11% (n=1,542) reported decisional regret scores at or above the cutoff of 30, and 2% (n=352) reported net-negative consequences for themselves; those who learned they were donor conceived reported the highest regret
Kutipan
“"Separately, most respondents (61%) reported learning something new about themselves or their relatives, including potentially disruptive information such as that a person they believed to be their biological parent is in fact not or that they have a sibling they had not known about. ... Compared to respondents making other types of discoveries, those who learned that they were donor conceived reported the highest decisional regret and represented the largest proportion reporting net-negative consequences for themselves."
”
Data sumber dari
2022-03-03
Diakses
2026-07-01
Perhitungan
Guerrini et al. (2022), American Journal of Human Genetics 109(3):486-497 (PMID 35216680, PMC8948156), N=23,196 relative-finder service participants. Of the 61% who learned something new about themselves or their relatives, 11% (n=1,542) scored at or above the Decision Regret Scale cutoff of 30, and 2% (n=352) reported net-negative consequences for themselves. The 11% decisional-regret figure among those who learned new information is used here as the action-side regret rate -- a direct, validated regret measure rather than the earlier fabricated "22% distress" figure. Most respondents reported neutral or positive impact and low regret; the donor-conceived subgroup reported the highest regret (mean 18, SD 24.3 vs. overall mean 10).
[2]BMC Psychiatry — "I'm trying to figure out who the hell I am": Examining the psychosocial and mental health experience of individuals learning "Not Parent Expected" news from a direct-to-consumer DNA ancestry test
Telaah sejawat
Individuals who learned a 'Not Parent Expected' (non-paternity) result from a consumer DNA test typically described an extraordinary shock with a negative impact on mental health and a severe disruption of self-identity
Kutipan
“"participants typically described their experience as an extraordinary shock that had a negative impact on their mental health ... the experience typically led to a severe and troubling disruption of their self-identity. This study reveals an expanding, vulnerable, and under-researched population facing unique stressors, that may be at high risk of developing a psychiatric disorder."
”
Data sumber dari
2025-01-06
Diakses
2026-07-01
Perhitungan
Careau, Larmuseau, Drumsta & Whitley (2025), BMC Psychiatry 25(1):9 (PMID 39757164), qualitative study of 52 semi-structured interviews with people who received "Not Parent Expected" (NPE) results from a DTC DNA ancestry test. Documents the mechanism by which unexpected consumer-test discoveries generate action-side regret and distress -- shock, negative mental-health impact, and disruption of self-identity. Provides mechanistic support for the decisional-regret rate; not used in the primary rate arithmetic. Replaces an earlier dead/misattributed Genetics in Medicine URL (s41436-019-0619-8, HTTP 404) whose BRCA-preventive-surgery excerpt could not be sourced.
[3]California Department of Justice, Office of the Attorney General — Attorney General Bonta Sues Chrome Holding Co., Formerly Known as 23andMe, Over 2023 Data Breach
Laporan pemerintah
The 2023 23andMe data breach affected nearly 7 million users across the United States, including 855,541 Californians; the renamed company (Chrome Holding Co.) is now in bankruptcy proceedings
Kutipan
“"In 2023, 23andMe experienced a data breach that affected nearly 7 million users across the United States, including 855,541 Californians."
”
Data sumber dari
2026-05-28
Diakses
2026-07-03
Perhitungan
California Attorney General press release (People v. Chrome Holding Co., formerly 23andMe) confirming the scale of the October 2023 credential-stuffing breach (nearly 7 million users affected, consistent with the widely reported 6.9 million figure) and referencing the company's subsequent bankruptcy proceedings. Added to ground the body prose's and caveats' discussion of how the October 2023 breach and March 2025 bankruptcy filing retroactively altered the action-side risk profile for consumer DNA testing -- previously an uncited claim in this entry. Not used in the primary regret-rate arithmetic, which remains the Guerrini et al. (2022) 11% figure above.
Sumber: tidak bertindak
Buku besar klaim
Setiap angka di bawah ini adalah apa yang dilaporkan masing-masing sumber, dengan kutipan kata demi kata yang kami andalkan dan bagaimana kami sampai pada angka kami. Klik tautan mana saja untuk memverifikasi langsung.
[1]The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research — Genetic Testing: Ancestry Interest, But Privacy Concerns
Sumber referensi
17% of US adults have been genetically tested and another 52% are interested in having it done; 50% are extremely or very concerned that for-profit DNA testing companies would share genetic information
Kutipan
“"Seventeen percent have been genetically tested, and another 52 percent are interested in having it done. ... 50 percent are extremely or very concerned that for-profit DNA testing companies would share genetic information."
”
Data sumber dari
2018-07-19
Diakses
2026-07-01
Perhitungan
AP-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research nationwide poll, fielded June 13-18, 2018 via the AmeriSpeak probability-based panel, n=1,109 adults, margin of sampling error +/- 4.1 percentage points. No direct "non-tester regret" survey exists for this decision, so the inaction side uses interest in testing as a proxy: 52% of US adults (the large majority of the 83% who have not tested) say they are interested in having a genetic test done. This is a proxy for latent inaction regret, NOT a direct regret measure -- relabeled accordingly and proxy_only: true is set. Replaces an earlier unverifiable Pew URL (pewresearch.org/science/2020/08/27/...) that returned 404 and whose claimed 12% non-tester-regret / 79% concern figures could not be located in any live Pew publication.
[2]Pew Research Center — Americans and Privacy: Concerned, Confused and Feeling Lack of Control
Studi primer
81% of the public say the potential risks of data collection by companies outweigh the benefits; 79% are very or somewhat concerned about how companies use the data collected about them
Kutipan
“"81% of the public say that the potential risks they face because of data collection by companies outweigh the benefits ... 79% of adults assert they are very or somewhat concerned about how companies are using the data they collect about them."
”
Data sumber dari
2019-11-15
Diakses
2026-07-01
Perhitungan
Pew Research Center, November 2019, n=4,272 US adults. Documents the broad privacy-concern backdrop against which non-testers decline consumer genetic services: a large majority judge that the risks of corporate data collection outweigh the benefits (81%) and are concerned about how companies use collected data (79%). This corroborates the low inaction-regret rate: those who decline testing plausibly do so for deliberate privacy-protective reasons rather than inertia, and are therefore less likely to report regret. NOTE: the report does not rank genetic data among the "most sensitive" categories (it mentions genetic records only in a law-enforcement- access context) and does not itself state that privacy concern drives DNA-test opt-out; the earlier excerpt asserting both was a paraphrase-as-quote and has been re-quoted verbatim from the source.
Catatan
Tingkat penyesalan-tindakan 11% adalah bagian peserta pencari-kerabat yang mempelajari informasi baru dan kemudian memperoleh skor di atas ambang batas Decision Regret Scale (Guerrini dkk. 2022); ini bukan 11% dari semua peserta tes, karena hanya 61% yang mempelajari sesuatu yang baru dan sebagian besar dari mereka melaporkan dampak netral atau positif. Mayoritas peserta tes konsumen melaporkan hasil positif termasuk koneksi leluhur dan kesadaran kesehatan. Subkelompok yang menerima hasil tak terduga (NPE/non-paternitas, saudara tiri yang tidak diketahui, varian penyakit penetrasi-tinggi seperti BRCA1/2) menghadapi keputusan majemuk yang dapat memperkuat penyesalan hilir melampaui tes itu sendiri -- subkelompok yang lahir dari donor melaporkan penyesalan tertinggi dari semuanya. Pelanggaran data 23andMe Oktober 2023, yang mengekspos data genetik dan pribadi sekitar 6,9 juta pengguna, dan pengajuan kebangkrutan 23andMe berikutnya pada Maret 2024, secara signifikan mengubah profil risiko tes konsumen secara retroaktif: pengguna yang dites sebelum pelanggaran kini menghadapi situasi keamanan data yang terkompromikan yang tidak mereka setujui, kemungkinan meningkatkan penyesalan sisi-tindakan di antara kohort tersebut. Sisi kelambanan tidak memiliki survei penyesalan langsung; angka 52%-nya adalah proksi -- bagian orang dewasa AS yang mengatakan mereka tertarik untuk dites (AP-NORC, 2018) -- dan melebih-lebihkan penyesalan yang dirasakan, karena ketertarikan tidak sama dengan berharap seseorang telah dites. Proksi itu mungkin juga bergeser dalam lingkungan pasca-pelanggaran seiring meningkatnya kesadaran publik tentang risiko genomika konsumen. Taruhan keputusan juga asimetris menurut varian kesehatan: konsumen yang mengetahui mereka membawa mutasi BRCA1 memiliki informasi klinis yang berpotensi mengubah hidup; konsumen yang menemukan paternitas tak terduga menghadapi pengungkapan yang mengganggu keluarga. Kedua hasil jarang tetapi bermagnitudo tinggi, membuat kalkulasi penyesalan-terharap sensitif terhadap probabilitas peristiwa-ekor dengan cara yang tidak ditangkap oleh tingkat agregat.
