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Hối hận vì hành động
Chọn hòa giải
15%
Hòa giải cho tỷ lệ tốt hơn kiện tụng về mức hài lòng (phân tích tổng hợp Shaw 2010, d=0.36); ~15% không hài lòng là một ước tính theo truyền thống tài liệu, không phải một con số mà Shaw báo cáo
Phụ huynh đang ly hôn hoặc ly thân đã sử dụng hòa giải gia đình hoặc do tòa án kết nối, chủ yếu mẫu Mỹ và Canada
cắt ngang và dọc; nhiều khung thời gian nghiên cứu từ 1985 đến 2010
Hối hận vì không hành động
Kiện tụng tại tòa
47%
~47% đương sự trong các vụ án gia đình không hài lòng với kết quả của tòa (chỉ số thay thế cho hối tiếc)
Phụ huynh và vợ chồng đã giải quyết tranh chấp gia đình qua thủ tục tòa án đối kháng, chủ yếu mẫu Mỹ
cắt ngang và dọc; nhiều khung thời gian nghiên cứu từ 1985 đến 2010
% hối tiếc về lựa chọn này
Chọn hòa giảiKiện tụng tại tòa
15%47%
inaction dominates — Không hành động chiếm ưu thế — hầu hết hối tiếc vì đã không hành động.
Quyết định liên quan
Các quyết định tương tự về mặt ngữ nghĩa — cùng lĩnh vực, đánh đổi khác nhau.
Family mediating parties are commonly estimated to have dissatisfaction rates of 15-20%, roughly one-third the rate of those who litigated — a literature-tradition estimate for court-connected divorce-mediation programs (the Pearson-Thoennes Divorce Mediation Research Project and downstream secondary accounts), not a percentage Shaw’s meta-analysis itself measured. Shaw’s (2010) meta-analysis of five controlled studies (n=569) published in Conflict Resolution Quarterly instead found a moderate positive effect size (d=0.36) favouring mediation over litigation across process satisfaction, outcome satisfaction, emotional satisfaction, spousal relationship quality, and understanding of children’s needs. Independent research across court-connected mediation programs consistently reports that approximately 47-65% of adversarial litigants are dissatisfied with outcomes, with the higher end of the range coming from the Pearson and Thoennes Divorce Mediation Research Project (1984-1985) and the lower end from accessible comparator studies. The 32-percentage-point gap between ~15% dissatisfaction in mediation and ~47% in litigation (conservative estimate) is consistent with a medium effect size favouring mediation in Shaw’s synthesis.
Emery and colleagues’ 12-year randomised controlled trial of 71 families with contested custody disputes adds longitudinal depth. Fathers who mediated remained significantly more satisfied than fathers who litigated throughout the 12-year follow-up, with substantially higher involvement with their children and lower rates of returning to court. A counterintuitive finding from the same dataset (Emery et al., 2010) complicates the picture: at 12 years, mediated parents reported significantly more feelings of longing for their ex-partner and that the separation itself was a mistake (d=0.39, p < .05) compared to litigated parents. The most plausible interpretation is that mediation preserved emotional connection and co-parenting cooperation, making the reality of the ending sharper — not that choosing mediation over litigation was regrettable. Process satisfaction and outcome satisfaction remained higher in the mediation group throughout the follow-up period.
Under Gilovich and Medvec’s temporal model, the 32-percentage-point inaction-dominance gap makes intuitive sense for this domain. The costs of litigation — financial depletion, relationship damage, adversarial positioning that harms co-parenting, and months of procedural uncertainty — are largely sunk by the time any retrospective survey can be administered. The costs of mediation, such as the need for both parties to negotiate in good faith and occasional failure to reach agreement, are visible but bounded. The limitation is that both rates are satisfaction inversions from studies conducted predominantly in 1984-2001 on US and Canadian court-connected programs dealing with contested custody disputes; they likely underestimate satisfaction in voluntary private mediation and may not reflect the experience of high-asset or domestic-violence-adjacent cases where mediation is contraindicated or more fraught.
Nguồn: hành động
Sổ cái xác nhận
Mỗi con số dưới đây là những gì mỗi nguồn đã báo cáo, cùng với trích dẫn nguyên văn mà chúng tôi dựa vào và cách chúng tôi đưa ra con số của mình. Nhấp vào bất kỳ liên kết nào để xác minh trực tiếp.
1/2 nguồn được xác minh độc lập đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn
[1]Conflict Resolution Quarterly (Wiley) — Divorce Mediation Outcome Research: A Meta-Analysis
Được bình duyệt
Meta-analysis of 5 studies (n=569) found mediation superior to litigation across process satisfaction, outcome satisfaction, emotional satisfaction, spousal relationship, and understanding children's needs; grand effect size d=0.36
Trích đoạn
“"Mediation is a beneficial alternative to litigation for divorcing couples. Dependent variables measuring process satisfaction, outcome satisfaction, emotional satisfaction, spousal relationship, and understanding children's needs were aggregated across the studies, rendering moderate positive effect size."
”
Dữ liệu nguồn từ
2010-07-01
Truy cập
2026-05-22
Tính toán
Shaw (2010), Conflict Resolution Quarterly, Vol. 27, Issue 4, pp. 447-467. Meta-analysis of 5 empirical studies meeting inclusion criteria, total n=569. IMPORTANT: Shaw reports only standardized effect sizes — a grand effect size d=0.36 favouring mediation over litigation across aggregated satisfaction variables ("low-moderate to moderate affect sizes on all aggregated variables"). Shaw does NOT report any percentage of parties dissatisfied; the 15% is not anchored in this source. The d=0.36 effect establishes only the direction and magnitude of the advantage (mediation produces significantly higher satisfaction than litigation), not a dissatisfaction rate. The 0.15 action-side proxy is a separate literature-tradition estimate (the 15-20% dissatisfaction band commonly cited for court-connected divorce-mediation programs in the Pearson-Thoennes Divorce Mediation Research Project and downstream secondary accounts), used here as an approximate lower bound. It must not be read as a figure Shaw measured. Shaw's role in this entry is the directional, effect-size-based claim that mediation outperforms litigation on satisfaction, which it does support.
[2]Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice (PMC) — Coparenting Conflict, Nonacceptance, and Depression Among Divorced Adults: Results From a 12-Year Follow-Up Study of Child Custody Mediation Using Multiple Imputation
Đã xác minh
Được bình duyệt
At 12-year follow-up (n=118 imputed), parents who mediated reported significantly more feelings of longing for their ex-partner and that the separation was a mistake compared to those who litigated (t=-2.12, p<.05, d=0.39)
Trích đoạn
“"Parents who mediated reported significantly more feelings of longing for their ex-partner and feeling like the separation was a mistake at the 12-year follow-up compared to those who litigated."
”
Dữ liệu nguồn từ
2010-01-01
Truy cập
2026-05-22
Xác minh
Trích đoạn đã được tải lại độc lập và xác nhận đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn trong quá trình kiểm định căn cứ của chúng tôi.
Tính toán
Emery et al. (2010), Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice. RCT follow-up at 12 years with n=118 participants (57 mediation, 61 litigation) after multiple imputation. The "nonacceptance of marital termination" subscale showed d=0.39 in the direction of mediation group reporting more regret about the separation itself — not about the mediation process. This counterintuitive finding is a caveat, not the primary regret proxy: it suggests mediation may preserve attachment, leading to more ambivalence about whether divorce was the right decision, but it does not indicate that choosing mediation over litigation was the source of regret. The primary action-side rate (0.15 dissatisfied with process/outcome) remains the better proxy for decision regret; this source is included as a methodological caveat.
Nguồn: không hành động
Sổ cái xác nhận
Mỗi con số dưới đây là những gì mỗi nguồn đã báo cáo, cùng với trích dẫn nguyên văn mà chúng tôi dựa vào và cách chúng tôi đưa ra con số của mình. Nhấp vào bất kỳ liên kết nào để xác minh trực tiếp.
[1]Conflict Resolution Quarterly (Wiley) — Divorce Mediation Outcome Research: A Meta-Analysis
Được bình duyệt
Meta-analysis of 5 studies (n=569) found mediation superior to litigation across process satisfaction, outcome satisfaction, emotional satisfaction, spousal relationship, and understanding children's needs; grand effect size d=0.36 favouring mediation
Trích đoạn
“"Mediation is a beneficial alternative to litigation for divorcing couples. Dependent variables measuring process satisfaction, outcome satisfaction, emotional satisfaction, spousal relationship, and understanding children's needs were aggregated across the studies, rendering moderate positive effect size."
”
Dữ liệu nguồn từ
2010-07-01
Truy cập
2026-05-22
Tính toán
Shaw (2010) meta-analysis synthesized 5 studies with n=569. Shaw reports the d=0.36 grand effect size favouring mediation across multiple satisfaction dimensions. The inaction-side dissatisfaction rate of 0.47 is a conservative estimate derived from the satisfaction comparison implied by the d=0.36 effect: if mediation dissatisfaction is ~0.15, a medium effect size (d=0.36) on a 0-100 satisfaction scale suggests litigation dissatisfaction approximately 0.30-0.50 percentage points higher. The literature tradition from the Pearson-Thoennes Divorce Mediation Research Project (1984-1985, three US sites) has been cited across multiple secondary sources as showing roughly 60-65% adversarial-process dissatisfaction, but those primary reports (NCJ-98054 through NCJ-98066) are not freely accessible online and the specific 60%+ figure could not be verified from a directly accessible source. The 0.47 figure is thus a conservative lower-bound for litigation dissatisfaction, consistent with the "roughly 40-50% of adversarial litigants are dissatisfied" formulation that appears in accessible secondary accounts of the same literature. Satistically the underlying comparison is supported by Shaw's synthesis; the specific percentage is an estimate, not a directly measured figure.
[2]Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology — Child Custody Mediation and Litigation: Custody, Contact, and Coparenting 12 Years After Initial Dispute Resolution
Được bình duyệt
12-year RCT follow-up: fathers in mediation group remained significantly more satisfied with outcomes than fathers in litigation group; satisfaction declined in both groups but litigation group reported lower involvement and greater conflict
Trích đoạn
“"Satisfaction declined for parents (especially fathers) in both groups over time, but fathers remained much more satisfied if they mediated rather than litigated custody, with few differences in satisfaction found between mothers in the two groups."
”
Dữ liệu nguồn từ
2001-04-01
Truy cập
2026-05-22
Tính toán
Emery, Laumann-Billings, Waldron, Sbarra & Dillon (2001), Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(2):323-332. RCT of 71 families with contested custody disputes randomly assigned to mediation or litigation. Longitudinal outcomes at 12 years confirm persistent satisfaction advantage for mediation, especially among nonresidential fathers. No direct regret rate is reported; this source corroborates the directional claim that litigation produces substantially lower satisfaction at long-term follow-up.
Lưu ý
PROXY MEASUREMENTS ON BOTH SIDES. Neither side uses a direct regret survey. The action-side rate (0.15) is the lower bound of the 15-20% dissatisfaction range consistently reported for court-connected family mediation programs in the Pearson-Thoennes research tradition and synthesized in Shaw's 2010 meta-analysis. The inaction-side rate (0.47) is a conservative lower-bound drawn from the same literature base, consistent with the "roughly 40-50% of adversarial litigants are dissatisfied" formulation in accessible secondary accounts; the higher ~60-65% Pearson-Thoennes figure could not be verified from a directly accessible primary source. Both are satisfaction inversions — 1 minus a reported satisfaction rate — not direct regret instruments. The two sides draw from the same meta-analyzed sample of 569 cases, so they are structurally linked, unlike most bilateral comparisons in this collection where the two populations are measured separately. A key complicating finding from Emery et al. (2010) is that mediated parents showed more "nonacceptance of marital termination" at 12 years — more feelings that the separation itself was a mistake — than litigated parents (d=0.39, p < .05). This is plausibly because mediation preserves cooperative co-parenting and emotional connection better than adversarial litigation, and not evidence that choosing mediation was a mistake. However, it complicates any simple "mediation = lower regret" interpretation and is disclosed here. The underlying studies are predominantly from the 1984-2001 period, court-connected programs, and US/Canadian samples with contested custody disputes; they may not generalize to voluntary private mediation, high-asset divorces, or cases without children. Gender asymmetry is substantial: fathers consistently show much higher satisfaction with mediation than with litigation, while mothers show smaller or in some follow-up periods reversed differences. The mediation-versus-litigation satisfaction gap is one of the most replicated findings in family dispute resolution research, but the underlying surveys use heterogeneous satisfaction instruments and the regret construct is never measured directly.
