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1. [1] Pediatrics — Jatana KR, Rhoades K, Melchionna A, Fosnight AM, Smith GA — Pediatric Battery-Related Emergency Department Visits in the United States: 2010-2019 Đã xác minh Được bình duyệt

   Pediatric Battery-Related Emergency Department Visits in the United States: 2010-2019

   Thống kê

   An estimated 70,322 (95% CI: 51,275-89,369) battery-related pediatric ED visits in the US across 2010-2019, or 9.5 per 100,000 children annually; 24.5 per 100,000 per year among children 0-5; button batteries implicated in 84.7% of cases where battery type was described; ingestions accounted for 90.0% of ED visits

   Trích đoạn

   “"An estimated 70 322 (95% confidence interval: 51 275-89 369) battery-related ED visits [occurred in the United States from 2010 through 2019] or 9.5 per 100 000 children annually. [...] The ED visit rate was highest among children aged ≤5 years compared with those 6 to 17 years (24.5 and 2.2 per 100 000 children, respectively). The mean patient age was 3.2 years (95% confidence interval: 2.9-3.4). [...] Button batteries were implicated in 84.7% of visits where battery type was described. [...] Ingestions accounted for 90.0% of ED visits, followed by nasal insertions (5.7%), ear insertions (2.5%), and mouth exposures (1.8%)." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2022-09-01

   Truy cập

   2026-04-11 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Xác minh

   Trích đoạn đã được tải lại độc lập và xác nhận đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn trong quá trình kiểm định căn cứ của chúng tôi.

   Tính toán

   Jatana et al. is the anchor for the all-exposures denominator. 9.5 per 100,000 children per year across all ages 0-17 translates to 24.5 per 100,000 per year in the under-6 peak-risk band. Compounded across the seven-year 0-6 window, cumulative ED-visit risk for any battery exposure is roughly 1.7e-3, or about 1 in 580 per child. Restricting to button batteries (85% of visits) drops that to about 1 in 680. This is the "any exposure" figure, which is two orders of magnitude higher than the severe-outcome headline. The severe-outcome headline comes from the Litovitz 2010 surveillance data and NCPC fatal-case registry rather than from Jatana's all-cause ED visits, because Jatana's dataset is designed to count encounters rather than outcomes.

   Độc lập

   Jatana et al. draws from the NEISS product-injury sampling system (CPSC), which is a distinct pipeline from the National Capital Poison Center surveillance that feeds Litovitz 2010 and Semple et al. 2017. Genuine independent corroboration on the ED-encounter side of the problem, though both ultimately describe US pediatric battery exposures.

2. [2] Pediatrics — Litovitz T, Whitaker N, Clark L, White NC, Marsolek M — Preventing Battery Ingestions: An Analysis of 8648 Cases Được bình duyệt

   Preventing Battery Ingestions: An Analysis of 8648 Cases

   Thống kê

   8,648 battery ingestions reported to the National Battery Ingestion Hotline (1990-2008); 6.7-fold increase in major or fatal outcomes from 1985 to 2009; 20-25mm cell ingestions rose from 1% to 18%; lithium-cell ingestions rose from 1.3% to 24%; outcomes significantly worse for 20mm+ lithium cells in children under 4; 92% of fatal and 56% of major outcome ingestions were not witnessed; at least 27% of major outcome and 54% of fatal cases were initially misdiagnosed

   Trích đoạn

   “"All 3 data sets showed worsening outcomes, with a 6.7-fold increase in the percentage of button battery ingestions with major or fatal outcomes from 1985 to 2009. [...] Ingestions of 20- to 25-mm-diameter cells increased from 1% to 18% of ingested button batteries between 1990 and 2008, paralleling a rise in lithium-cell ingestions from 1.3% to 24%. [...] Outcomes were significantly worse for large-diameter lithium cells [...] and children younger than 4 years. The 20-mm lithium cell was implicated in most severe outcomes. Most fatal (92%) or major outcome (56%) ingestions were not witnessed. At least 27% of major outcome and 54% of fatal cases were misdiagnosed, usually because of nonspecific presentations." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2010-05-24

   Truy cập

   2026-04-11 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   Litovitz et al. is the canonical surveillance paper for the severe-outcome side of button battery ingestion. The 6.7-fold rise in major or fatal outcomes from 1985 to 2009, concentrated in 20mm+ lithium coin cells, is the empirical basis for the "underrated" myth framing and for the 20-fold personal multiplier on 20mm+ lithium cells. The under-4 age concentration is the basis for the 0-6 scope. This study is also the source for the "not witnessed" and "frequently misdiagnosed" caveats — the reason the 2-hour window matters is that parents and clinicians often do not know the clock has started.

   Độc lập

   Litovitz draws from the National Battery Ingestion Hotline and the NCPC fatal-case registry — the primary US pipeline for severe-outcome tracking. Semple et al. 2017 is a downstream review of the same NCPC data. Methodologically distinct from Jatana's NEISS-based encounter counts and from CPSC's product-incident database, which together bracket the denominator.

3. [3] The British Journal of Radiology — Semple T, Calder AD, Ramaswamy M, McHugh K — Button battery ingestion in children — a potentially catastrophic event of which all radiologists must be aware Đã xác minh Được bình duyệt

   Button battery ingestion in children — a potentially catastrophic event of which all radiologists must be aware

   Thống kê

   ~3,300 battery-related ED attendances per year in the US between 1990 and 2009; 13 fatalities and 73 major complications over 1985-2009; 4.4-fold increase in clinically significant events over the final 3 years vs the initial 3 years; 12.6% of children under 6 ingesting 20-25mm cells had a major complication or death; full-thickness burns and esophageal perforation can occur within 2 hours

   Trích đoạn

   “"[...] an annual incidence of 3300 battery-related emergency department attendances in the USA between 1990 and 2009 [...] 13 fatalities and 73 major complications [...] a 4.4-fold increase in clinically significant events and a 6.7-fold increase in major or fatal outcomes over the final 3 years compared to the initial 3 years. [...] 12.6% of children under 6 years ingesting 20-25 mm battery cells experiencing a major complication or death. [...] full thickness burns and oesophageal perforation which may occur within as little as 2 h following the ingestion of button batteries [via] electrolytic production of alkaline fluid via formation of a local circuit by oesophageal tissue contacting both the anode and cathode." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2018-04-24

   Truy cập

   2026-04-11 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Xác minh

   Trích đoạn đã được tải lại độc lập và xác nhận đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn trong quá trình kiểm định căn cứ của chúng tôi.

   Tính toán

   The Semple et al. review is the cleanest source for the 2-hour window and the electrolytic injury mechanism, both of which are load-bearing for the "underrated" framing and for the >2-hour personal multiplier. The 12.6% major-complication rate among under-6 ingesting 20-25mm cells is also the empirical anchor for the 20mm+ lithium subgroup multiplier. This review and Litovitz 2010 draw on overlapping NCPC surveillance data, so treat them as two views of the same underlying dataset rather than independent estimates.

   Độc lập

   Semple et al.'s numbers trace back to the same National Capital Poison Center surveillance that Litovitz maintains, so this source corroborates rather than independently verifies the Litovitz figures.

4. [4] US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) — Making Families Safer from Button Cell or Coin Battery Dangers; Reese's Law Leads to New Federal Mandatory Safety Standard Báo cáo chính phủ

   Making Families Safer from Button Cell or Coin Battery Dangers; Reese's Law Leads to New Federal Mandatory Safety Standard

   Thống kê

   At least 27 deaths and an estimated 54,300 injuries treated in US emergency rooms from button cell or coin battery ingestions or insertions, 2011-2021; Reese's Law signed August 16, 2022; CPSC voted to adopt ANSI/UL 4200A-2023 as mandatory safety standard in September 2023

   Trích đoạn

   “"Between 2011 and 2021 in the United States, there were at least 27 deaths and an estimated 54,300 injuries treated in emergency rooms resulting from button cell or coin batteries being ingested or inserted. [...] Reese's Law, named in honor of Reese Hamsmith, an 18-month-old child who died after ingesting a button cell battery from a remote control, was enacted on August 16, 2022 [and] mandates that CPSC implement federal safety requirements for button cell or coin batteries and consumer products containing such batteries." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2023-09-20

   Truy cập

   2026-04-11 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   27 deaths / 11 years ≈ 2.5 pediatric battery deaths per year in the US; 54,300 injuries / 11 years ≈ 4,900 ED injury visits per year, consistent with Jatana's 7,000 all-age battery-related ED visits per year once restricted to severe injuries and/or under-18. Used to anchor the mortality sub-figure (~1 in 2-4 million per child 0-6) and the "severe injury" count cited in the native figure. Also the authoritative citation for Reese's Law dates and requirements.

   Độc lập

   CPSC's product-incident database integrates death-certificate data with hospital and consumer hazard reports. Partially overlaps with Litovitz's NCPC surveillance (both track US pediatric battery deaths) but adds product-identification metadata. Treat as complementary to NCPC and NEISS rather than independent.