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Mỗi con số dưới đây là những gì mỗi nguồn đã báo cáo, cùng với trích dẫn nguyên văn mà chúng tôi dựa vào và cách chúng tôi đưa ra con số của mình. Nhấp vào bất kỳ liên kết nào để xác minh trực tiếp.

1. [1] Pediatrics (Zielinski, Rochette, Smith) — Stair-Related Injuries to Young Children Treated in US Emergency Departments, 1999-2008 Được bình duyệt

   Stair-Related Injuries to Young Children Treated in US Emergency Departments, 1999-2008

   Thống kê

   93,000 ER visits per year for stair-related injuries in children under 5; 2.7% hospitalized; rate of 46.5 per 10,000 children per year

   Trích đoạn

   “"An estimated 931,886 children younger than 5 years of age were treated in US emergency departments for stair-related injuries during the 10-year study period, averaging 93,189 per year. Approximately 2.7% required hospitalization. The injury rate was 46.5 per 10,000 children." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2012-03-12

   Truy cập

   2026-04-23 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   Zielinski et al. used NEISS data (CPSC) from 1999-2008. 931,886 total injuries over 10 years = 93,189/year. 76.3% of injuries were to the head/neck. 2.7% hospitalized = ~2,500/year. Rate declined from 53.0 to 42.4 per 10,000 over the study period. One child treated in a US ED every 6 minutes for a stair injury. With ~20 million US children under 5, annual ER rate = 93,189 / 20M = 0.00466, or ~0.47% per year. Over 5 years: 1-(1-0.00466)^5 = ~2.3%. Hospitalization: 2,500/20M = 0.000125 per year; over 5 years ~0.06%.

2. [2] Journal of Pediatric Surgery (Soffer et al.) — Low Risk of Clinically Important Traumatic Brain Injury in Children Who Tumble Down Stairs Được bình duyệt

   Low Risk of Clinically Important Traumatic Brain Injury in Children Who Tumble Down Stairs

   Thống kê

   Only 2.0% of children presenting after stair tumbles were at high risk for clinically important TBI; number of steps fallen does not predict injury severity

   Trích đoạn

   “"Only 2.0% of children were at high risk for clinically important traumatic brain injury. Tumbling down stairs should not be treated as equivalent to a free fall in risk assessment. The number of steps fallen does not independently predict the need for head CT." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2024-09-01

   Truy cập

   2026-04-23 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   Soffer et al. (2024) studied 344 children who presented to a pediatric ED after stair tumbles. The 2.0% ciTBI high-risk rate is the most directly relevant clinical outcome metric -- it represents the fraction of stair-fall patients where emergency physicians should be genuinely concerned about brain injury. The finding that step count does not predict severity supports the biomechanical model that stair tumbles are a series of low-energy impacts, not a single fall from height.

3. [3] Pediatrics (Chiaviello, Christoph, Bond) — Stairway-Related Injuries in Children Được bình duyệt

   Stairway-Related Injuries in Children

   Thống kê

   Of 69 children, 22% had significant injuries; 16% concussions; 7% skull fractures; 3% cerebral contusions; one subdural hematoma

   Trích đoạn

   “"Fifteen patients (22%) suffered significant injuries, including concussion in 11 (16%), skull fracture in 5 (7%), cerebral contusion in 2 (3%), subdural hematoma in 1 (1%), and a C-2 fracture in 1 (1%)." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   1994-11-01

   Truy cập

   2026-04-23 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   Chiaviello et al. studied 69 children at a single ED. The 22% significant injury rate is higher than Zielinski's 2.7% hospitalization rate because Chiaviello used a broader definition of "significant" (including concussions diagnosed clinically) and because single-ED studies skew toward more severe presentations. Chiaviello's own cohort reported a 7% overall skull fracture rate (5 of 69) with no carried-infant stratification. The separate carried-infant finding (40% skull fracture rate, 4 of 10) comes from Joffe & Ludwig (1988): the mechanism changes entirely when a caregiver drops a child from adult height onto stairs, which is biomechanically different from a toddler tumbling down steps under their own locomotion.

4. [4] Pediatrics (Joffe M, Ludwig S) — Stairway Injuries in Children Được bình duyệt

   Stairway Injuries in Children

   Thống kê

   363 children treated for stairway injuries; children who fell down more than four steps had no greater number or severity of injury than those who fell down four steps or fewer (P=.67); a carried-infant subgroup had a substantially higher skull-fracture rate

   Trích đoạn

   “"A total of 363 consecutive patients seen in a pediatric emergency department were studied." ... "Children who fell down more than four steps had no greater number or severity of injury than those who fell down less than four steps (P = .67)." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   1988-09-01

   Truy cập

   2026-07-04 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   Joffe & Ludwig (1988) is the original source for the "steps fallen doesn't predict severity" finding (P=.67) that the body text and this entry's caveats attribute to it, and that Soffer et al. independently replicated 36 years later. It is also the origin of the carried-infant subgroup finding (4 of 10 infants sustained skull fractures when a caregiver fell while carrying them) referenced in Chiaviello's calculation_notes above and in the personal_factor_multipliers "infant being carried" row. n=363 is the same cohort referenced as "Joffe n=363" in this entry's normalized.assumptions. Previously cited only indirectly through another source's calculation_notes; added here as its own source since the body text names Joffe & Ludwig directly and quotes specific findings from it.