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1. [1] World Health Organization — Typhoid — Fact sheet Báo cáo chính phủ

   Typhoid — Fact sheet

   Thống kê

   As of 2019 estimates, ~9 million typhoid cases annually, resulting in about 110,000 deaths per year

   Trích đoạn

   “"As of 2019 estimates, there are 9 million cases of typhoid fever annually, resulting in about 110 000 deaths per year. Typhoid risk is higher in populations that lack access to safe water and adequate sanitation, and children are at highest risk." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2024-03-01

   Truy cập

   2026-04-24 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   The WHO fact sheet gives ~9 million cases and about 110,000 deaths per year (2019 estimates). The 130,000 central estimate used for the native numerator is a rounded cross-source value bracketed by the three burden-of-disease estimates cited here: WHO's ~110,000 (2019), the GBD 2021 analysis's 107.5 thousand (2021) and higher 2017 figure, and the standalone GBD 2017 study's 135,900 (eClinicalMedicine and Lancet Infectious Diseases, below). 130,000 / 5B = 0.000026 annual rate, compounded over 59 years yields 0.00153.

2. [2] eClinicalMedicine (The Lancet) — The global burden of enteric fever, 2017-2021: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021 Được bình duyệt

   The global burden of enteric fever, 2017-2021: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021

   Thống kê

   For 2021, an estimated 9.3 million global cases of enteric fever (95% UI 7.3-11.9) and 107.5 thousand deaths (95% UI 56.1-180.8); burden concentrated in 75 endemic countries

   Trích đoạn

   “"9.3 million global cases of enteric fever (95% uncertainty interval: 7.3−11.9) [...] 107.5 thousand deaths (56.1−180.8)." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2024-10-01

   Truy cập

   2026-04-24 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   The GBD 2021 systematic analysis estimates 9.3 million cases (95% UI 7.3-11.9) and 107.5 thousand deaths (95% UI 56.1-180.8) for 2021, and a higher 2017 figure — the source of the well-documented decline. This confirms the same order of magnitude as the WHO fact sheet (~110,000 deaths) and the standalone GBD 2017 study (135,900 deaths). The 130,000 central native numerator is a rounded cross-source value bracketed by these estimates, not this study's own 2021 headline. The study integrates antimicrobial resistance data, increasingly relevant as drug-resistant strains spread in South Asia.

3. [3] The Lancet Infectious Diseases — The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 Được bình duyệt

   The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

   Thống kê

   Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers caused an estimated 135,900 deaths globally in 2017; children had the highest morbidity and mortality rates

   Trích đoạn

   “"Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers remain important causes of morbidity and mortality. Children had the highest morbidity and mortality rates; males had higher rates of incidence, mortality, and DALYs than females. The burden is concentrated in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2019-04-01

   Truy cập

   2026-04-24 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   The GBD 2017 estimate of 135,900 deaths provides an independent temporal data point consistent with the 130,000 central estimate. Confirms the demographic pattern (children most affected, males disproportionately) and the geographic concentration in South Asia. The decline from 135,900 (2017) toward 130,000 (2021) is consistent with the gradual reduction observed in the GBD trend analysis.

4. [4] US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention — Clinical Guidance for Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever Báo cáo chính phủ

   Clinical Guidance for Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever

   Thống kê

   Case fatality rate for untreated typhoid fever was higher than 10% before widespread antibiotic use; with appropriate treatment the fatality rate is lower than 1%

   Trích đoạn

   “"Before widespread antibiotic use, the case fatality rate for typhoid fever was higher than 10%. [...] With appropriate treatment, the fatality rate of typhoid fever is lower than 1%." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2025-01-16

   Truy cập

   2026-07-04 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   Grounds the body-text claim that untreated typhoid case fatality "exceeds 10%" and drops "below 1%" with appropriate antibiotics — this is a per-patient case-fatality contrast, not a population-level death count, so it does not change the 130,000-deaths/year headline. It explains why access to healthcare is described as the critical determinant of survival.

   Độc lập

   CDC clinical guidance for practitioners, independent of the WHO fact sheet and the two GBD burden-of-disease studies above, which report population-level case and death counts rather than per-patient case fatality rates.