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1. [1] The Lancet — Perioperative and anaesthetic-related mortality in developed and developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis Được bình duyệt

   Perioperative and anaesthetic-related mortality in developed and developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

   Thống kê

   Mortality solely attributable to anaesthesia (pooled across all included studies) declined from 357 per million before the 1970s to 34 per million in the 1990s-2000s

   Trích đoạn

   “"Mortality solely attributable to anaesthesia declined over time, from 357 per million (95% CI 324–394) before the 1970s to 52 per million (42–64) in the 1970s–80s, and 34 per million (29–39) in the 1990s–2000s (p<0·00001)." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2012-09-22

   Truy cập

   2026-04-18 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   Bainbridge et al.'s pooled per-million-by-decade figures (357/52/34 per million solely- attributable-to-anaesthesia deaths for before-1970s/1970s-80s/1990s-2000s, across the 87 included studies and 21.4 million anaesthetics) span both developed and developing countries and all ASA classes, so the most recent bucket (34 per million ≈ 1 in 29,400) sits well above the rate for healthy (ASA I-II) adults in a single high-income country today. Used here as historical-trend context for the ~10-fold decline in anaesthesia- attributable mortality since before 1970. The native per-anesthetic rate for healthy adults in high-income countries is grounded on Schiff et al. 2014 instead — see that source's calculation_notes for the derivation.

2. [2] British Journal of Anaesthesia — Major incidents and complications in otherwise healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: results based on 1.37 million anaesthetic procedures Được bình duyệt

   Major incidents and complications in otherwise healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: results based on 1.37 million anaesthetic procedures

   Thống kê

   Death or serious complication rate 26.2 per million elective ASA I-II procedures; 7.3 per million with possible direct anaesthetic involvement

   Trích đoạn

   “"Of 1 374 678 otherwise healthy, ASA I and II patients in the CDS database, 36 met the study inclusion criteria … death or serious complication rate of 26.2 per million (95% confidence interval, 19.4–34.6) procedures … for those with possible direct anaesthetic involvement, 7.3 per million cases (95% CI, 3.9–12.3)." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2014-07-01

   Truy cập

   2026-04-26 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   Schiff et al. 2014 (PMID 24801456) analysed 1.37 million elective ASA I-II procedures from a German national surveillance database (1999-2010), finding a rate of 7.3 per million (~1 in 137,000) for deaths with possible direct anaesthetic involvement in healthy patients — lower than Bainbridge et al.'s pooled 1990s-2000s rate of 34 per million (~1 in 29,400) because Bainbridge's figure spans developed and developing countries and all ASA classes across many studies, while Schiff's is a single contemporary high-income-country dataset restricted to healthy (ASA I-II) patients. Used as the primary basis for the native rate: native ≈ 1/137,000 per anesthetic; normalized assumes 3 lifetime anesthetics: 1 − (1 − 1/137,000)^3 ≈ 1/46,000.

   Độc lập

   Schiff et al. uses a German national surveillance database (CDS), independent of Bainbridge's systematic review sources. Partially independent.

3. [3] Anesthesiology (Li et al.) — Epidemiology of Anesthesia-related Mortality in the United States, 1999-2005 Được bình duyệt

   Epidemiology of Anesthesia-related Mortality in the United States, 1999-2005

   Thống kê

   Anesthesia-related death rate 8.2 per million hospital surgical discharges in the US (1999-2005); ~1.1 per million population per year

   Trích đoạn

   “"The anesthesia-related death rate was 1.1 per million population per year … The estimated mortality risk from anesthesia complications for inpatients was 8.2 … deaths per million hospital surgical discharges … Anesthesia complications were the underlying cause in 241 (10.9%) of these deaths and a contributing factor in the remaining 1,970 (89.1%) deaths." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2009-04-01

   Truy cập

   2026-04-26

   Tính toán

   Li et al. (PMID 19322941) analysed US national mortality data for 1999-2005, finding 2,211 anesthesia-related deaths. The 8.2 per million hospital surgical discharges (~1 in 122,000) is the same order of magnitude as Schiff et al.'s 7.3 per million for healthy ASA I-II patients in Germany. Note: Li et al.'s figures are US population-wide, include all ASA classes (not just healthy ASA I-II), and count both underlying-cause and contributing-factor deaths, so likely overstate the healthy-ASA-I-II-only, solely- attributable rate somewhat. Corroborates ~1 in 137,000 as the right order of magnitude for the native rate used here.