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2/4 nguồn được xác minh độc lập đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn

1. [1] Walton, King, Rechtman, Kaye, Leray, Marrie, et al. / Multiple Sclerosis Journal (MS International Federation) — Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition Đã xác minh Được bình duyệt

   Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition

   Thống kê

   Global MS prevalence 35.9 per 100,000 (2.8 million people); pooled incidence 2.1 per 100,000 persons/year across 75 countries; mean diagnosis age 32 years; female:male prevalence ratio roughly 2:1 globally

   Trích đoạn

   “"A total of 2.8 million people are estimated to live with MS worldwide (35.9 per 100,000 population). MS prevalence has increased in every world region since 2013 but gaps in prevalence estimates persist. The pooled incidence rate across 75 reporting countries is 2.1 per 100,000 persons/year, and the mean age of diagnosis is 32 years. Females are twice as likely to live with MS as males." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2020-12-01

   Truy cập

   2026-04-11 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Xác minh

   Trích đoạn đã được tải lại độc lập và xác nhận đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn trong quá trình kiểm định căn cứ của chúng tôi.

   Tính toán

   The Atlas is the only global dataset that reports prevalence, incidence, and sex ratio on a comparable basis across WHO regions. Global lifetime adult incidence ≈ incidence rate × adult years exposed = 2.1e-5 × 60 ≈ 0.00126, which is the normalized headline rounded to 0.0013. Regional prevalence ranges from 4.79 per 100,000 (Western Pacific) to 142.81 per 100,000 (Europe) — roughly a 30-fold spread that the regional_breakdown block below captures. The 2020 figure has since been updated to ~2.9 million in the 2023 Atlas refresh, but the core 35.9/100,000 rate and the 2.1/100,000/year incidence are still the canonical peer-reviewed anchors.

   Độc lập

   Walton 2020 is the upstream source for nearly every institutional MS prevalence citation (WHO, National MS Society, MSIF member orgs); treat as partially dependent with any Atlas-derived secondary source.

2. [2] Wallin, Culpepper, Campbell, Nelson, Langer-Gould, Marrie, et al. / Neurology (American Academy of Neurology) — The prevalence of MS in the United States: A population-based estimate using health claims data Đã xác minh Được bình duyệt

   The prevalence of MS in the United States: A population-based estimate using health claims data

   Thống kê

   US MS prevalence 309.2 per 100,000 (95% CI 308.1-310.1) in 2010, representing 727,344 cases; 2017 projection 337.9 to 362.6 per 100,000 (~850,000 to 914,000 Americans); female:male ratio 2.8; persistent north-south gradient

   Trích đoạn

   “"309.2 per 100,000 (95% CI 308.1–310.1), representing 727,344 cases [...] 450.1 per 100,000 (95% CI 448.1–451.6) for women and 159.7 (95% CI 158.7–160.6) for men (female:male ratio 2.8) [...] the prevalence in the northern Census regions of the US (Northeast and Midwest) was statistically significantly higher than in the southern Census region [...] 337.9 per 100,000 population (n = 851,749 persons with MS) to 362.6 per 100,000 population (n = 913,925 persons with MS)." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2019-02-15

   Truy cập

   2026-04-11 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Xác minh

   Trích đoạn đã được tải lại độc lập và xác nhận đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn trong quá trình kiểm định căn cứ của chúng tôi.

   Tính toán

   Wallin 2019 is the methodologically strongest US prevalence estimate — a health-claims-based analysis that roughly doubled the previous conventional figure of ~400,000 Americans with MS to ~900,000+, much of the gap reflecting undercount in earlier methods rather than any real epidemic. The female:male prevalence ratio of 2.8 is the direct source for the ~3:1 sex ratio used in the personal_factor_multipliers block. US lifetime adult incidence implied: ~360 per 100,000 point prevalence with average MS duration ~25-30 years → annual incidence ~12 to 14 per 100,000 → 60-year cumulative ~0.0075, but this overstates lifetime risk because age-specific incidence peaks at 20-40 and is much lower outside that window. The ACS-style cohort-based US lifetime risk figure most commonly cited is ~1 in 300 to 1 in 330, consistent with these numbers. The north-south gradient inside the US is the smaller-scale version of the global latitude effect.

   Độc lập

   Wallin 2019 and Walton 2020 are methodologically independent (claims data in one country vs international epidemiologic survey) and rely on different upstream datasets, which is why they are paired here.

3. [3] Bjornevik, Cortese, Healy, Kuhle, Mina, Leng, Elledge, Niebuhr, Scher, Munger, Ascherio / Science — Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis Nghiên cứu chính

   Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis

   Thống kê

   Hazard ratio for MS after EBV infection = 32.4 (95% CI 4.3-245.3); cohort of >10 million US military personnel, 955 MS cases; not elevated after other viral infections (e.g. cytomegalovirus); serum neurofilament light increased only after EBV seroconversion

   Trích đoạn

   “"Risk of MS increased 32-fold after infection with EBV but was not increased after infection with other viruses, including the similarly transmitted cytomegalovirus. Serum levels of neurofilament light chain, a biomarker of neuroaxonal degeneration, increased only after EBV seroconversion. These findings cannot be explained by any known risk factor for MS and suggest EBV as the leading cause of MS." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2022-01-21

   Truy cập

   2026-04-11 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   Bjornevik et al. is the primary anchor for the "EBV is likely a necessary cause of MS" framing. The study followed >10 million young adults in the US military over 20 years; of the ~5% who were EBV- negative at baseline, only one of 801 who eventually developed MS remained EBV-negative, and the 32-fold hazard ratio is the direct source for the multiplier value in the personal_factor_multipliers block. The implication for population risk is not a 32x increase in absolute lifetime odds (EBV seroprevalence is ~95% in adults anyway), but rather that the conditional odds given EBV-negative status are near zero. This reframes MS as an infectious-disease sequel rather than a mystery autoimmune disease.

   Độc lập

   Bjornevik et al. is a primary longitudinal cohort study built on US Department of Defense serum repository samples and DoD MS case ascertainment. Fully independent of the Walton (Atlas of MS) and Wallin (US claims) prevalence pipelines — addresses etiology rather than incidence/prevalence.

4. [4] MS International Federation — Atlas of MS: Number of people with MS Nguồn tham khảo

   Atlas of MS: Number of people with MS

   Thống kê

   Global MS population grew from 2.3 million in 2013 to 2.8 million in 2020 to 2.9 million in 2023

   Trích đoạn

   “"The number of people with MS across the globe has increased from 2.3 million in 2013 to 2.8 million in 2020 and 2.9 in 2023." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2023-10-01

   Truy cập

   2026-04-11 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   Used as the continuously updated headline anchor for the "~2.9 million people living with MS globally" statement. The 2.9M figure is the most recent refresh of the same Atlas methodology that produced the peer- reviewed Walton 2020 paper, so the per-100,000 rate and incidence rate in the primary source remain the quantitative basis; the 2.9M update is used only for the headline count.

   Độc lập

   Directly downstream from the Walton 2020 peer-reviewed source above; not an independent estimate, just a more recent snapshot of the same data pipeline.