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2/4 nguồn được xác minh độc lập đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn

1. [1] BMJ (British Medical Journal) — Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US Được bình duyệt

   Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US

   Thống kê

   An estimated 251,454 deaths per year in the US stem from medical error, making it the third leading cause of death behind heart disease and cancer

   Trích đoạn

   “"Based on a total of 35,416,020 hospitalizations, the researchers calculated that 251,454 deaths stemmed from medical error, translating to 9.5 percent of all deaths each year in the U.S." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2016-05-03

   Truy cập

   2026-04-18 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   Makary & Daniel extrapolated from four studies (Healthgrades 2004, OIG 2010, AHRQ 2008, Landrigan 2010) that measured preventable adverse event rates in hospitalized patients. They applied these rates to total US hospitalizations (~35.4 million/year) to estimate ~251,000 deaths. This is not a direct count — it is a modeled extrapolation. The figure has been criticized for conflating "contributed to death" with "caused death" and for applying rates from high-acuity samples to all hospitalizations. Nevertheless, it remains the most widely cited estimate and was published in a major peer-reviewed journal. Native rate: 251,454 / 3,090,000 total US deaths ≈ 0.081. Lifetime interpretation: ~8.5% probability that any given US adult's death will involve a preventable medical error.

2. [2] Journal of Patient Safety — A New, Evidence-based Estimate of Patient Harms Associated with Hospital Care Được bình duyệt

   A New, Evidence-based Estimate of Patient Harms Associated with Hospital Care

   Thống kê

   Between 210,000 and 440,000 patients per year suffer some type of preventable harm that contributes to their death in hospitals

   Trích đoạn

   “"Using a weighted average of the 4 studies, a lower limit of 210,000 deaths per year was associated with preventable harm in hospitals. Given limitations in the search capability of the Global Trigger Tool and the incompleteness of medical records on which the Tool depends, the true number of premature deaths associated with preventable harm to patients was estimated at more than 400,000 per year." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2013-09-01

   Truy cập

   2026-04-18 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Tính toán

   James (2013) used the Global Trigger Tool methodology across four studies to estimate preventable hospital deaths. His upper bound of 440,000 is substantially higher than Makary's 251,000 and reflects broader inclusion criteria. The lower bound of 210,000 aligns more closely with Makary. This range (210,000-440,000) drives the uncertainty band: 210,000/3,090,000 ≈ 0.068 at the low end; 440,000/3,090,000 ≈ 0.142 at the high end. The central estimate of 250,000 sits near the lower bound of James's range and the central estimate of Makary's.

   Độc lập

   James's study uses different underlying data (Global Trigger Tool reviews) from Makary & Daniel's extrapolation approach. The two estimates converge on a similar order of magnitude through independent methodologies.

3. [3] World Health Organization — Patient Safety Fact Sheet Đã xác minh Nguồn tham khảo

   Patient Safety Fact Sheet

   Thống kê

   1 in every 10 patients is harmed in health care; more than 3 million deaths occur annually due to unsafe care globally

   Trích đoạn

   “"Around 1 in every 10 patients is harmed in health care and more than 3 million deaths occur annually due to unsafe care. The risk of patient death occurring due to a preventable medical accident while receiving health care is estimated to be 1 in 300." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2023-09-01

   Truy cập

   2026-04-18 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Xác minh

   Trích đoạn đã được tải lại độc lập và xác nhận đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn trong quá trình kiểm định căn cứ của chúng tôi.

   Tính toán

   WHO's global figure of 3 million deaths from unsafe care is broadly consistent with the US estimate when scaled by population. The US (~330 million) is roughly 4% of the global population (~8 billion); 4% of 3 million = 120,000, which is lower than the US estimates but reflects lower healthcare utilization intensity in many countries. The WHO's "1 in 300" per-encounter risk figure is not directly comparable to the lifetime figure used here but provides independent corroboration that medical error is a major cause of preventable death.

4. [4] Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) — Measuring and Responding to Deaths From Medical Errors Đã xác minh Báo cáo chính phủ

   Measuring and Responding to Deaths From Medical Errors

   Thống kê

   Estimates range from 44,000-98,000 (IOM 1999) to 250,000+ (Makary 2016); measurement remains contested

   Trích đoạn

   “"Estimates of the population toll of deaths from medical error are extrapolations from individual studies in which there were very few deaths. While there is general consensus about the frequency of preventable harm in hospitals, the number of deaths that directly results from these preventable adverse events is controversial." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2023-01-15

   Truy cập

   2026-04-18 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Xác minh

   Trích đoạn đã được tải lại độc lập và xác nhận đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn trong quá trình kiểm định căn cứ của chúng tôi.

   Tính toán

   AHRQ's PSNet perspective explicitly acknowledges the measurement controversy. The IOM's original 1999 estimate (44,000-98,000) would yield a lifetime fraction of 1.4%-3.2% — still substantial but much lower than the Makary/James estimates. The AHRQ commentary does not endorse a specific number but notes "general consensus about the frequency of preventable harm." This entry uses the Makary figure as the central estimate because it is the most widely cited in the peer-reviewed literature, while the uncertainty band (1.5%-14%) spans from the IOM lower bound to the James upper bound.