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3/3 nguồn được xác minh độc lập đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn

1. [1] Tobacco Induced Diseases / Kundu et al. — Evidence update on the cancer risk of vaping e-cigarettes: A systematic review Đã xác minh Được bình duyệt

   Evidence update on the cancer risk of vaping e-cigarettes: A systematic review

   Thống kê

   Substantial biomarker evidence (DNA damage, oxidative stress) links e-cigarette exposure to cancer-risk pathways, but no significant cancer incidence was found in never-smoker vapers and overall human cancer evidence remains limited

   Trích đoạn

   “"There is substantial evidence that e-cigarette exposure is associated with biomarkers reflective of cancer disease risk. However, the overall evidence on cancer risk is still limited and should be further investigated by future research, particularly rigorously designed clinical trials and population-based research. [...] No significant incident or prevalent risk of lung cancer or other types of cancer was found in the never smoker current vapers population." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2025-01-28

   Truy cập

   2026-06-20 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Xác minh

   Trích đoạn đã được tải lại độc lập và xác nhận đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn trong quá trình kiểm định căn cứ của chúng tôi.

   Tính toán

   Kundu et al., Tobacco Induced Diseases vol. 23 (2025), DOI 10.18332/tid/192934. The review's own framing is the reason this entry carries no_reliable_estimate: "substantial evidence" attaches to BIOMARKERS (oxidative stress, DNA damage, genotoxicity) — that is hazard identification, not a probability. The human epidemiology that a lifetime figure would require does not exist: no significant cancer incidence has been observed in never-smoker vapers, and the authors call the actual human risk limited and uncertain. Two structural barriers explain the gap and are unlikely to clear soon — (1) latency: solid-tumour cancers from inhaled carcinogens typically take 20–40 years, and widespread vaping is only ~10–15 years old, so no exposed cohort has aged into the onset window; (2) confounding: most vapers are current or former smokers, so the small never-smoker vaper cohort is young and produces near-zero events with uselessly wide intervals. No attributable fraction or relative risk is available to convert into a lifetime probability, so none is published here.

2. [2] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) — Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes — Chapter 10: Cancers Đã xác minh Nguồn tham khảo

   Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes — Chapter 10: Cancers

   Thống kê

   Formal conclusions: no available evidence on e-cigarette use and cancer in humans (10-1); limited animal/biomarker and DNA-damage evidence (10-2, 10-3); substantial evidence that aerosol chemicals like formaldehyde and acrolein can damage DNA (10-4)

   Trích đoạn

   “"Conclusion 10-1. There is no available evidence whether or not e-cigarette use is associated with intermediate cancer endpoints in humans. [...] Conclusion 10-3. There is limited evidence that e-cigarette aerosol can be mutagenic or cause DNA damage in humans, animal models, and human cells in culture. Conclusion 10-4. There is substantial evidence that some chemicals present in e-cigarette aerosols (e.g., formaldehyde, acrolein) are capable of causing DNA damage and mutagenesis." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2018-01-23

   Truy cập

   2026-06-20 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Xác minh

   Trích đoạn đã được tải lại độc lập và xác nhận đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn trong quá trình kiểm định căn cứ của chúng tôi.

   Tính toán

   NASEM's 2018 report drew the line this entry rests on: the chemistry can damage DNA (a hazard — Conclusion 10-4, "substantial evidence") while the human cancer association is simply unmeasured (Conclusion 10-1, "no available evidence"). That is the exact hazard-versus-magnitude split that distinguishes a no_reliable_estimate entry from a quantified one. The 2025 Kundu systematic review confirms the gap had not closed seven years later: still biomarker-deep, still epidemiologically empty.

3. [3] CDC / Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report — Tobacco Product Use Among US Middle and High School Students — National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2024 Đã xác minh ↗ 1 other entry Báo cáo chính phủ

   Tobacco Product Use Among US Middle and High School Students — National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2024

   See all 2 Likelier entries citing this source →

   Thống kê

   7.8% of US high school students currently used e-cigarettes in 2024 (down from 10.0% in 2023); e-cigarettes remain the most-used tobacco product among US youths

   Trích đoạn

   “"In 2024, current (previous 30-day) use of any tobacco product was reported by 10.1% of high school students (representing 1.58 million students) and 5.4% of middle school students (representing 640,000 students). [...] Among high school students, declines occurred in current use of any tobacco product (from 12.6% to 10.1%) and e-cigarettes (from 10.0% to 7.8%)." ”

   Dữ liệu nguồn từ

   2024-10-17

   Truy cập

   2026-06-20 · bản sao lưu trữ

   Xác minh

   Trích đoạn đã được tải lại độc lập và xác nhận đúng từng chữ so với nguồn được trích dẫn trong quá trình kiểm định căn cứ của chúng tôi.

   Tính toán

   Prevalence context, not a cancer rate. Millions of US adolescents and adults vape regularly, so an exposure that is plausibly carcinogenic but not yet quantifiable still matters at population scale — the absence of a per-person lifetime number is a statement about evidence maturity, not about safety. Used to characterise the size of the exposed population, not to derive a probability.