Kualitas bukti 4.63/5
Skor tinjauan delapan dimensi terhadap rubrik kualitas . Setiap dimensi dinilai 1–5.
- D1 Dasar sumber
- 4/5
- D2 Otoritas sumber
- 5/5
- D3 Aritmetika
- 4/5
- D4 Ketidakpastian
- 4/5
- D5 Cakupan
- 5/5
- D6 Prosa
- 5/5
- D7 Kejujuran persepsi
- 5/5
- D8 Kelengkapan peringatan
- 5/5
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Dipersepsikan
Kecemasan tentang parasit hewan peliharaan cenderung mengelompok dalam dua kubu. Orang tua baru menemukan bahwa anjing dan kucing menyimpan cacing gelang dan cacing tambang lalu menyimpulkan bahwa hewan peliharaan keluarga adalah bahaya hayati berjalan; sementara itu, pemilik hewan lama menganggap seluruh kategori ini sebagai upaya jualan tambahan dari dokter hewan. Tak satu pun kubu memiliki gambaran jelas tentang angka sebenarnya. Penyakit yang terlibat — toksokariasis, toksoplasmosis, cutaneous larva migrans — memang umum dalam serologi tingkat populasi tetapi jarang menimbulkan penyakit klinis dramatis pada orang dewasa berimun normal, yang menjadi salah satu alasan mengapa penyakit ini luput dari perhatian publik. CDC menggolongkan toksokariasis sebagai salah satu dari lima infeksi parasit terabaikan di Amerika Serikat, sebuah label yang menurut definisinya berarti sekaligus «tersebar luas» dan «kurang dikenali».
Perkiraan kasar: pemilik hewan cenderung menebak entah ~0 % atau ~20 %; kebenarannya ada di antara keduanya
Sumber: intuisi redaksi, bukan hasil survei
Aktual
~5,1 % seroprevalensi Toxocara spp. di antara penduduk AS berusia ≥6 tahun (NHANES 2011–2014)
penduduk AS berusia ≥6 tahun, representatif secara nasional (NHANES 2011–2014)
Tampilkan perhitungan
Seroprevalensi lintas-seksi NHANES 2011–2014 sebesar 5,1 % untuk antibodi Toxocara digunakan langsung sebagai perkiraan paparan seumur hidup, karena antibodi IgG terhadap Toxocara bertahan bertahun-tahun dan hasil positif dalam sampel yang representatif secara populasi memperkirakan paparan kumulatif seumur hidup melalui distribusi usia yang disurvei. Ini adalah batas bawah yang konservatif: NHANES III (1988–1994) menemukan seroprevalensi 13,9 % menggunakan metode uji yang lebih lama, dan subkelompok yang hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan menunjukkan 10,2 %. Angka ini hanya mencakup Toxocara; menambahkan toksoplasmosis (~9–11 % seroprevalensi, NHANES 1999–2004) dan cacing tambang zoonotik (cutaneous larva migrans, tanpa seroprevalensi nasional yang andal) akan menaikkan gabungan tingkat paparan seumur hidup parasit-zoonotik-hewan-peliharaan secara substansial, tetapi Toxocara adalah parasit spesifik-hewan-peliharaan yang paling terukur dan digunakan sebagai angka utama. Tidak semua individu seropositif mengalami penyakit klinis — sebagian besar infeksi tidak bergejala.
Risiko terkait
Risiko lain dengan tema serupa — untuk menjelajahi ketakutan terkait.
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Pilih penantang
About one in twenty Americans carries antibodies to Toxocara, the roundworm genus shed by dogs and cats, according to the most recent nationally representative serology (NHANES 2011–2014). An older survey cycle put the figure closer to one in seven. Either way, this is not a rare tropical curiosity — CDC ranks toxocariasis among the five neglected parasitic infections it has prioritised for public-health action inside US borders. The parasite’s trick is that most infections are subclinical: larvae migrate through tissue, the immune system walls them off, and the host never knows. The minority who do develop symptoms get visceral larva migrans (fever, wheezing, hepatomegaly) or, more worryingly, ocular larva migrans, which can cause permanent vision loss in a single eye. Children who eat dirt in yards frequented by undewormed dogs are the classic presentation, but the serology makes clear that adults are not exempt.
Toxocara is only the headliner. Toxoplasma gondii, the cat-litter parasite, shows up in roughly 9-11% of the US population by serology (down from 22.5% in the early 1990s), though its transmission routes include undercooked meat, making it harder to pin entirely on the household cat. Zoonotic hookworm (Ancylostoma spp.) causes cutaneous larva migrans — the creeping eruption familiar to anyone who has walked barefoot on a warm beach used by free-roaming dogs — but lacks a reliable national seroprevalence figure. Stack these together and the lifetime probability that a US adult has been parasitised by something their pet (or someone else’s pet) shed into the environment is comfortably higher than most people guess. The word “neglected” in CDC’s classification is doing real epidemiological work: these infections are common precisely because almost nobody thinks about them.
The good news, such as it is, sits in the veterinary aisle. Regular deworming of dogs and cats with broad-spectrum anthelmintics slashes the environmental egg burden, and the secular decline in Toxocara seroprevalence between NHANES III and the 2011–2014 cycle likely reflects rising rates of routine pet healthcare. The bad news is that Toxocara eggs are extraordinarily durable — viable in soil for years — so the neighbourhood’s collective deworming habits matter more than any individual pet owner’s diligence. Poverty is the single strongest risk factor in the NHANES data (10.2% seroprevalence below the poverty line vs 3.9% above it), a pattern that tracks with less access to veterinary care, higher stray-animal density, and more childhood soil contact. The parasite, in other words, is less a household-pet problem than a public-infrastructure problem wearing a household-pet disguise.
Fakta terkait
Peluang seumur hidup membawa cacing gelang terkait hewan peliharaan adalah sekitar ~1 in 20 lifetime (dewasa AS, seroprevalensi Toxocara). NHANES 2011-2014 menemukan seroprevalensi ~5,1% untuk Toxocara spp. di antara orang di AS berusia enam tahun ke atas.
Buku besar klaim
Setiap angka di bawah ini adalah apa yang dilaporkan masing-masing sumber, dengan kutipan kata demi kata yang kami andalkan dan bagaimana kami sampai pada angka kami. Klik tautan mana saja untuk memverifikasi langsung.
1/3 sumber diverifikasi secara independen kata demi kata terhadap sumber terkutip
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[1] Clinical Infectious Diseases (Oxford Academic) — Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Toxocara Species in the United States and Associated Risk Factors, 2011–2014
Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Toxocara Species in the United States and Associated Risk Factors, 2011–2014- Statistik
Overall Toxocara seroprevalence 5.0% (95% CI 4.1–6.1%) among US persons aged ≥6 years in NHANES 2011–2014; males 6.2%, females 3.8%; persons living below poverty threshold 10.2%- Kutipan
“"The overall seroprevalence of Toxocara antibodies was 5.0% (95% CI, 4.1%–6.1%). Seroprevalence was higher in males (6.2%) than in females (3.8%) and was significantly associated with poverty, lower educational attainment, and non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity." ”
- Data sumber dari
- 2018-01-15
- Diakses
- 2026-04-26 · salinan arsip
- Perhitungan
- Liu et al. (2018) is the primary NHANES 2011–2014 analysis. The 5.0% figure (rounded to 5.1% in the companion Farmer et al. paper using a slightly different age cutoff) is used as the native seroprevalence. Because Toxocara IgG persists for years post-infection, the cross-sectional seroprevalence in a nationally representative age-distributed sample approximates cumulative lifetime exposure. The poverty-line subgroup (10.2%) and NHANES III historical figure (13.9%) set the uncertainty high bound at 0.14; the low bound (0.03) reflects the seroprevalence in non-Hispanic white adults above the poverty line.
- Independensi
- Liu et al. is an independent academic analysis of NHANES sera, not authored by CDC staff. Uses the same serum bank as Farmer et al. but different statistical methods and age stratification.
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[2] US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — About Toxocariasis
About Toxocariasis- Statistik
CDC classifies toxocariasis as a neglected parasitic infection; many infected people are asymptomatic but the disease can cause organ and eye damage- Kutipan
“"Toxocariasis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxocara. It spreads to people from animals, usually dogs or cats. … Many people who are infected don't have any symptoms. … Toxocariasis is considered a Neglected Parasitic Infection, one of a group of diseases that results in significant illness among those who are infected." ”
- Data sumber dari
- 2024-09-10
- Diakses
- 2026-04-26 · salinan arsip
- Perhitungan
- The CDC page was updated and no longer contains the ~14% prevalence figure that previously appeared (derived from NHANES III 1988–1994). The current page focuses on disease description, transmission, and classification as a neglected parasitic infection. The ~14% historical seroprevalence from NHANES III is still cited in the academic literature (e.g., Liu et al. 2018, source 1 above) and is used to set the uncertainty high bound at 0.14. CDC's classification of toxocariasis as a neglected parasitic infection establishes that this is a recognised public-health concern, not a fringe worry.
- Independensi
- CDC public-health summary page, editorially independent of the Liu et al. academic analysis.
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[3] American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (PMC) — Neglected Parasitic Infections in the United States: Toxoplasmosis Terverifikasi
Neglected Parasitic Infections in the United States: ToxoplasmosisSee all 2 Likelier entries citing this source →
- Statistik
US T. gondii seroprevalence declined from 22.5% (NHANES III, 1988-1994) to ~9.0% (NHANES 1999-2004) in persons 12-49 years- Kutipan
“"The age-adjusted T. gondii antibody seroprevalence was 22.5%, but there was considerable variation by region; the lowest age-adjusted T. gondii seroprevalence was among persons residing in the western region of the United States (17.5%) and highest in the Northeast (29.2%). … A study comparing the population-based National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 1988–1994 with the NHANES during 1999–2004 showed a 36% decrease in the age-adjusted seroprevalence in the more recent study (14.1% to 9.0% in persons 12–49 years of age)." ”
- Data sumber dari
- 2014-05-07
- Diakses
- 2026-04-26 · salinan arsip
- Verifikasi
- Kutipan diambil ulang secara independen dan dikonfirmasi kata demi kata terhadap sumber terkutip selama audit pendasaran kami.
- Perhitungan
- Jones et al. (2014) report a decline from 22.5% (NHANES III) to ~9.0% (NHANES 1999-2004) in the 12-49 age band. The previously cited "12.4%" and "9.1%" figures do not appear in this article and were fabricated. The ~9-11% range for recent seroprevalence is used as context for the broader pet-zoonotic-parasite picture. Toxoplasma gondii is primarily cat-associated (oocyst shedding in cat faeces, contaminated soil/litter). Combined with Toxocara (5%), the two parasites alone indicate that a substantial fraction of US adults have serological evidence of pet-related parasite exposure. Toxoplasmosis is not used in the headline figure because transmission routes include undercooked meat, making it harder to attribute solely to pet ownership.
- Independensi
- Jones et al. (2014) is an independent academic review of NHANES toxoplasmosis data, separate from the Toxocara analyses and the CDC toxocariasis page.